Black Lives Matter Of African Americans Essay - 1295 Words

When you turn on the news and are on social media you have probably seen noble things about Black Lives Matter and may have also seen corrupt things about Black Lives Matter, but the real question is who are they, what do they stand for, and are they as violent as the media portrays them to be? What started as a hashtag to end the oppression and killing of African-Americans has now turned into a vast movement that has activist all over the world calling to stop the problem of African-Americans being killed by police. Black Lives Matter is nothing more than a movement that wants to end the social injustices that African-Americans endure and to do that they go out and protest to try and get their point across but because of the news, social media, and people shouting, â€Å"Black Lives Matter† but violently protesting and starting riots, Black Lives Matter gets a debauched reputation for that and it isn’t their fault. Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors, and Opal Tometi are probably names you have never heard of before, but they are the leading faces behind the Black Lives Matter movement. They started the Black Lives Matter movement after Trayvon Martin’s killer George Zimmerman was not acquitted for his actions in murdering Trayvon Martin. People used to believe that if you go to college and dress the right way, have a certain level of education, you would be spared,† said Erika Totten, the cofounder of the Washington, D.C., chapter of Black Lives Matter. â€Å"Now there’s a growingShow MoreRelatedThe Black Lives Matter Of African Americans Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesheard of the term â€Å"Black Lives Matter†. It is a movement that has started in effort to help the oppression of African Americans. It started a few years back after a major incident happened in the United States. Following this incident, the movement has had to become even more dominate because of the senseless killings and mistreatment of African Americans. This unfortunate incident started the movement that is now to help defend of the lives of African Americans. The Black Lives Matter Movement startedRead MoreBlack Power Movement : African Americans901 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, African Americans have found numerous ways to cope with the inequalities that society has dealt to them. One example of this is the Black Power movement. The Black Power movement was a political movement that helped African Americans achieve their civil rights. This movement was ran by the Black Panther Party and they justified the use of violence in the â€Å"accomplishment of black justice† (â€Å"Black Power Movement†). Today, African Americans are still dealing with the same inequalitiesRead MoreThe Origin Of The Black Lives Matter Movement910 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Black Lives Matter movement started after the trial of Florida vs. George Zimmerman, when Zimmerman was deemed not guilty in the second degree murder of Trayvon Martin (BLM About). The movement was founded by Patrisse Cullors, Opal Tometi, and Alicia Garza (BLM Herstory). It started as a hash tag by Garza, after the Zimmerman trial but slowly became nationally known and more of a physical movement (BLM Herstory). Black lives matter focuses their objectives around the deaths of African AmericansRead MoreBlack Lives Matter Is An International Activist Movement Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesBlack lives matter is an international activist movement that is highly supported by the African American community and was created in reaction to violence and racism towards African Americans. This movement began in 2013 when Trayvon Martin, an African American teenager was shot and killed by George Zimmerman who was a white police officer. Although the Black Lives Matter movement has many supporters, 78% of voting Americans favor All Lives Matter, a movement that criticizes Black Lives Matter,Read MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes1703 Words   |  7 PagesHughes who served as a prominent figure in African American history and is known for maintaining a significant role in one of the most culturally influential periods for African Americans -The Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance descr ibes a significant era in time where hundreds or artists, writers and musicians living in Harlem came together to form a vibrant, creative community. Hughes along with many other talented and innovative African American creators and politicians such as Marcus GarveyRead MoreBlack Life Matter Vs. Black Lives Matter894 Words   |  4 PagesAll Lives Matter vs. Black Lives Matter. The slogan â€Å"Black Lives Matter† came into use during the Martin vs. Zimmerman case, when Mr. Zimmerman was acquitted for the killing of Trayvon Martin, an African American teenager. After this case,there appeared to be a large amount of police brutality cases against African American, furthermore pushing activists to speak out against the racial profiling and racism. Even more recently, there have been suspected police brutality cases against African AmericansRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement872 Words   |  4 PagesPaper 5 Black Lives Matter Movement A close examination of the online representation of a fringe community or counterculture would be the Black Lives Matter movement. The Black Lives Matter movement is a community in America that has represented itself after all of the many innocent African American lives that have taken by law enforcement and the Caucasian male who went into the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church and opened fire on the members of the church. The Black Lives Matter movementRead MoreRacism : A Statistical Approach1531 Words   |  7 PagesRacism in America: A Statistical Approach Brendan Fenton The Buzzword of ‘Systematic Racism’ is BS That Hurts Black People (The Dailywire) Supreme Court: Institutional Racism is Real (The Daily Beast) 7 Statistics That Show That ‘Systematic Racism’ Doesn’t Exist In Policing (The Dailywire) Yes, Racism Is Still a Problem in America (The Huffington Post) Dr. Regina Davis-Sowers, PhD September 15, 2016 Throughout the history of the United States, multitudes of social issues arise, fall, and repeatRead MoreThe Violence Of Racial Hate Crimes Against African Americans Essay1520 Words   |  7 Pagescrimes against African Americans, because the violence in these hate crimes, both past and present, will help educate individuals about different racial perspectives on the claimed â€Å"unfair† or â€Å"unequal† treatment of the African American race compared to the treatment of whites in all aspects of society and life. In the United States, African Americans as a race haven been one of the main targets for violent racial and hate crimes. Racial violence and hate crimes against African Americans have been aRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement1655 Words   |  7 Pageshuman life, blacks are focused on the safety of their community while the whites are fighting to keep respect and gain safety. The Black Lives Matter movement, also known as BLM, has been occurring since 2 013 when the #blacklivesmatter began trending on Twitter after the death of Trayvon Martin. This movement was not started to cause problems, but only as a support group for the African American community. As growth to the movement occurred, the retaliation levels jumped and African Americans began to

Essay about Differences in Gender Roles During the Middle...

Women in the Middle Ages History is marked by specific periods; which illustrates the cultural, economic, religious, and educational setting of the time. One such era is the Middle Ages or Medieval Period. This period that dates from around 850-1400, was defined by the â€Å"Italian Renaissance humanist, Francesco Petrarch, who coined the term Middle Ages to describe the period in European history from the end of the Roman Empire until his own time, the 1300s†. There were many changes that occurred during this span in history; such as the development of cities and the marketplace, which allowed some people to obtain financial wealth and move into a new social bracket. This redistribution of the pecking order was a source of distress for†¦show more content†¦Life in the church consisted of prayer, study, and work. Convents were self-sufficient communities and all nuns were expected to work about 5 to 6 hours a day. In addition to living a life of religious purity; a nun was more liberate d than other women of the Middle Ages because the convent provided nuns opportunities to continue their education and be free of a man’s control. During the Middle Ages there was an influx in the growth of urban life, thus there became a need for more commerce in the marketplace and workers to fulfill that responsibility, which in turn allowed women to join men in the guild sector. Therefore, the third division of women was the free townswoman or a tradesman’s wife. This group of females was skilled in a specific trade and sold their products in the open market alongside their husband’s guild enterprise. The types of jobs that the skilled female laborer might possess were silk worker, midwife, barber, apothecary, book producer and decorations, and manufacturer of food and beverages. In addition, many women within this class distinction worked beside their husband in his guild business, selling whatever product the family association provided the public. More so, the middle class female would act for her husband in his absence, and if the man died the woman was able to continue the business. Although the tr adesman’s wife was capable ofShow MoreRelatedThe Rights of Women in the Middle Ages1154 Words   |  5 Pagesthe world are striving to bring equal rights to the genders. Gender equality is where men and women are represented equally. It doesnt mean that both genders are the same but rather the same value; thus both genders should be given equal treatment. In the fight for equal rights, many feminists have pointed to the Middle Ages as an example of where men are superior to women, and that women had virtually no rights. However, during the Middle Ages with the development of individualism, women had a considerateRead MoreFirst Annotated Bibliography:. The Role Maternal Interaction928 Words   |  4 Pages First Annotated Bibliography: The role maternal interaction plays in gender differentiation in developing children By: Malaysia Clark PSYC 205 Childhood Psychology BL1 Spring 2017 Tompkins Cortland Community College Fausto-Sterling, A., Crews, D., Sung, J., Garcà ­a-Coll, C., Seifer, R. (2015). â€Å"Multimodal sex-related differences in infant and in infant-directed maternal behaviors during months three through twelve of development†. Developmental Psychology, 51(10), 1351-1366. doi:10.1037/dev0000033Read MoreGender Segments And Sex Groups During Childhood And Early Adolescence1475 Words   |  6 PagesIntro: Gender cleavage refers to the tendency for children of the same gender to self-segregate into two same-sex groups, male and female. This phenomenon appears to be a primary factor influencing social and cognitive development during childhood and early adolescence. The peer-reviewed article discussed in this paper focuses on gender cleavage in addition to age-related variances and sex differences during middle childhood. Peer-Review Article: The main point of the article is to analyze cross-sectionalRead MoreGender Roles Have A Significant Impact On The Way We See Ourselves And Others941 Words   |  4 PagesWorkbook Assignment Two Gender roles have a significant impact on the way we see ourselves and others. These roles are learned through our behavior patterns, obligations and privileges that are considered appropriate for each sex. Personally, I view myself as being considerate, emotional, gentle, home oriented, and passive. My parents raised me to portray these feminine characteristics from the day I was born and to act a certain way in our society. Males on the other hand are perceived toRead MoreDifferences Between Female And Female Brains1632 Words   |  7 Pagespersonality traits change in early and middle adulthood by examining the Big Five personality trait dimensions (Goldberg, 1992; John Srivastava, 1999; McCrae Costa, 1999). It will be particularly interesting examining whether change on all of the Big Five dimensions stops or slows in middle adulthood, as predicted by the five-factor theory, or whether change is ongoing and differentiated, as predicted by contextualist theories. Subtle ob servable differences exist between male and female brainsRead MoreThe Pardoners Prologue And Tale By Chaucer Essay1425 Words   |  6 Pagespoor people for financial gain, which was relevant in society during the Middle Ages. In Chaucer’s story, the Pardoner uses his influence and tells a tale of three men to convince the people to pay for him to pardon their sins. Chaucer’s tale and story is often used to emphasize the moral values in our society. There are many points in the tale that are based on the theme of greed being the cause of all evil in humanity, and the Middle Ages was a period of great societal change in Europe. â€Å"The Pardoner’sRead MoreChildren Relational Aggression : Effect Of Children Aggressive On Peers Interaction And Gender Differences1579 Words   |  7 PagesAggressive on Peers Interaction†¨and the Gender Differences in the expression of aggression Nada El Masri Sacramento State University The Effect of Children Aggression on Peers Interaction And Gender Differences In the expression of aggression Relationships with peers have significant importance in the lives of very young children by allowing them to experiment with roles and relationships and develop social cognitiveRead MoreGender Roles Of Women And Women1677 Words   |  7 PagesGender is one of the greatest factors that can determine how we define ourselves and others. Although gender is determined at birth for many, it does not influence one s identity of self until a later age. How society views the roles of each gender influences how a person views themselves. As the views changes, so does one’s identity. In the past, the roles of men and women were defined and separated. Men were expected to provide income for the family, while women were expected to take care of theRead MoreErik Erikson s Development Theory1603 Words   |  7 Pagesgeneralized groups of people whose cultures, genders and environments did not apply to his theory. This paper will focus on Erikson’s last four stages of development, an d discuss how each stage may be impacted by these various factors. Identity vs. Role Confusion The adolescence stage of development in Erikson’s theory was labeled as identity vs. role confusion. Teenagers begin developing a sense of who they are in the world by testing different roles and forming them into a single identity (EriksonRead MoreThe Low Sense Of Self Esteem1548 Words   |  7 Pagesdecrease self esteem thus dictating a person’s behavior. Being a part of a community is nearly essential in the process of becoming an adult because during the teenage years people are constantly shaped into who they will be for the rest of their lives. Throughout my kid and teenage years, I have always been a part of a dance team mixed with people my age, and younger or older. Being a part of several teams has made me feel as though I belong to a group and has helped me to gain a better sense of confidence

Electronic Fraud Transfer Crime Software â€Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss About The Electronic Fraud Transfer Crime Software? Answer: Introduction Nowadays, with the advancement of internet and its technologies, the issues of their security such as hacking, phishing and other cyber-attacks have raised at large extent. These issues are commonly known as cyber-crimes. Due to these cybercrimes, internet users are worried about security and privacy of their information that is transferred over internet. The different types of cyber-crimes are hacking, electronic fraud transfer crime, malicious software, telemarketing fraud etc. The purpose of making this report is to emphasize on ten topic of cyber-crime and provide detail discussion about those topics. Discussion Cyber-crime is committed over internet by professional hackers and invaders. It has very bad impact on common user and business organizations those are fully concerned with internet to perform their different business and other activities. Now in upcoming paragraphs, I will briefly discuss each cyber-crime. Hacking It is one of vulnerable cyber-crimes. Through this cyber-crime, computer of an individual is accessed by an unauthorized user without permission of that individual. This crime is done to access the personal and confidential information from an individuals system. There are various hacking software available that are used by cyber-attackers (Banyeresdelpenedes.com, 2017). Hacking is not an easy to do and sometimes, hackers do unexpected things such as system breaking and stealing of a secure data. Moreover, it is surprising to believe that hacking can be good or evil (TechRepublic, 2017). It can be a fraud of rights of people or can be done for safety purposes of them. But in most of the cases, hacking has always put bad impact on internet users. There are several examples of vulnerable hacking cases that are concerned with large business organizations such as eBays database hacking case is considered most vulnerable case of hacking where most of the confidential information is access ed from companys computer by operating its secured password. In this way there are various other companies exist those have already encountered this issue (Geek.com, 2017). It is commonly seen that hackers mostly try to hack banking and e-commerce websites that are used by users for money transactions. Therefore, I can say that to get prevention from hacking, secure software solutions should be used that can protect system from unauthorized access. This is required when our computer is connected with internet. Theft Theft is also a harmful cyber-crime. While committing this digital crime, copyrights are violated by a person. It is commonly seen that while downloading movies, music, video, e-books and any other digital material copyrights are broken by users and it is unethical form of accessing information from internet. This cyber theft is also known as online piracy. This piracy has influence on many people, especially in film industry it hurts emerging artists as well as established artists. Here I would like to give an example of Hollywood Studio where financial backing was implemented to track illegal streams and downloads. From outcomes of this process, loss of millions of dollars was estimated. This cyber-crime of online piracy so much hurts independent creators who do struggle for making a particular movie, videos and other digital material (Granados, 2017). It is commonly seen that how uTorrent is used to download movies, videos etc. by using hacking techniques and it is considered as t heft of digital data. Moreover, in case of music industry, a video album is produced with hefty cost and due to online theft, a creator bear heavy loss. It is very important to fight against internet piracy, otherwise it will become difficult for people to survive. Not at the end of a particular industry but also at end of lawmakers, online piracy should be abolished. This is a serious crime that must not be supported by people. Electronic Funds Transfer Crime In list of vulnerable cybercrimes, electronic funds transfer crime is also included. Under this digital crime, the information about an individuals credit cards, bank accounts, social security and other confidential information about their debits and credits is accessed by an unauthorized person without permission of owner. This way of obtaining information is form of hacking that results in financial losses and also demolishes credit history of a person. In most of cases, this electronic funds transfer crime is committed during cash transactions that are commonly done by people through e-commerce and e-banking services (A Sophisticated Approach to Detect Email Frauds, 2016). According to analysis, dramatic rise has seen in this cyber-crime and it is commonly known as social engineering fraud. There are several people who have become victim of this electronic funds transfer crime and law enforcement agencies have received various reports of this fraud. To commit this crime, a fraud s cheme is implemented and under this scheme legitimate superficial emails or other digital communication channels are used by hackers to obtain the identity of people without their permission. To implement this fraud scheme, schemers target specific language that is used for all online transactions. In this way, schemers have different tools to do this digital crime. The main reason of increasing electronic fraud is inappropriate usage of its prevention techniques and lack of awareness among people. Malicious Software Besides above discussed digital crimes, malicious software is also a vulnerable cyber-crime. It is basically an internet-based software which is used to disrupt the network. The malicious software has potential to steal confidential information from system. Moreover, it also causes damage to other software that exist into the system. There are different types of malicious software that are used by cyber-criminals to damage the computer systems and networks of its users. But ransomware is a dangerous form of malicious software that has potential to locks up the files on computer, encrypt them and to damage those files (Press, 2017). According to analysis, I got to know that malicious software has three major types such as adware, riskware and pornware. The biggest threat of adware malicious software is that these are able to hack the system and can collect confidential data that is related to host computer and this data may include IP address of user, browser, most visited sites and u sed operating systems. On flip side, the type riskware is basically concerned with legitimate programs that can be used for vulnerable attacks. This type of malicious software includes IRC client programs, password utilities, telnet and proxy. In case of pornware malicious software, it causes contents that are related to pornography and it is displayed on users systems. These software programs are installed into system with approval of user, but a user cannot understand that it is malicious for his system and gives permission to them to enter into system (GIERSZEWSKI, 2016). Cyber Stalking This kind of cyber-crime is also known as online harassment. In this crime, various illegal online messages or emails are send to people and due to this crime, targeted people have to face various problems of stealing information. Cyber-Stalking is also known as online stalking. It is basically defined as usage of internet technology to harass someone. There are some characteristics of Cyber-Stalking such as false accusations, monitoring, identity theft, threats and data destruction. Moreover, this crime is also related to exploitation of minors. The impact of cyber stalking can be terrible (Lacroxin, 2017). It can destroy credit, careers, self-image, friendships and even confidence. When cyber-stalking is combined with real-world stalking, then it can cause physical danger. This is really a serious matter and it is properly analyzed that victims of domestic violence are mostly considered as cyber-stalking victims. In cyber-stalking, cyberstalkers mostly prefer to use spyware softwar e that is helpful to monitor everything that happens on users computer or cell phone. It is a tremendous source of power and information for cyber-stalkers. This digital crime of cyber-stalking is a serious offence and it is necessary to find resolution of this problem of cyber-stalking. One of the anti-stalking tips is management of good password and security. It is management for every user to change passwords at frequent basis. Furthermore, the care over physical access of computer and web-enabled devices is also required because hardware and software devices are also used by cyber-stalkers to monitor victims (Shpantzer, 2017). Terrorism and Extortion This digital crime encourage terrorism activities. Through this cybercrime, a number of individual and protest groups try to hack the certified web pages of different governmental and commercial organizations. On governmental and enterprise related websites, hefty amount of confidential information is stored and this information should be secured. To achieve this goal, better security measurements are required. All terror groups that are involved in this digital crime of extortion, they have motive to get money from transactions of business enterprises. The lack of awareness about this issue may cause several issues for chief security officer of enterprise. Furthermore, the violence against personal and corporate assets can also occur to large extent. There are several countries that are influenced by terrorism and extortion digital crime and Nigeria is one of those countries. The Nigerian terror group MEND was notorious among people for its extortive acts and kidnappings. The reduct ion of this terror task should be done at priority basis. To do this, the support at countrys government, business, labor and civic entities and non-governmental institutions is required. Besides this, IT users should also need to aware about cyber terror attacks and their impacts, so that appropriate solution can be implemented to get better prevention. In banking sector where various transactions are done by users, there high level security is required to stop terror and extortion cyber-crimes. Telemarketing Fraud This fraud of telemarketing is considered a simple but vulnerable digital crime. In this crime, an unknown person calls the victim, makes a false statement to provide best offers to the victim after paying money to the caller. The wide range of scams are covered in this scam such as won prize for foreign tour by submitting your personal detail and some amount of money. Some victims accepts this request and submit their personal information with bank details. Further, scammers use this information to access your bank accounts. Telemarketing fraud has raised to large extent and it has become necessary to get rid of this problem. The recognition of telemarketing fraud is difficult, so here I would like to suggest some schemes for getting prevention (Findlaw, 2017). The prevention is registration of mobile or home numbers with the particular registry of National Do Not Call. This is because, telemarketers are not allowed to call on this number and any call from this number consider as sc am. Another solution is that, whenever a person receives any call from telemarketers then he or she should not provide personal information to caller. But if an individual is interested into given offer then he or she can ask caller to send information about offer by email to make decision later. Moreover, do not take pressure to make decision in hurry, because in telemarketing fraud caller always wants you to make quick decision (Kulkarni, 2016). Denial of Service Attack This digital crime is also considered as very harmful and by committing this crime a cyber-criminal can deny access of server from users. Eventually, cyber-criminals do virus attack on server to stop access of information that is available on servers website and its database. Here criminals mostly put their focus on web server of a particular website and send several requests to it at a time (Ydstie, 2017). Due to this, maximum bandwidth of the website is used by criminals that slow down the website. Moreover, this website also becomes unavailable for some time for its users. DDoS attack is mostly implemented on application layer of network by hackers. This cyber-crime has put influence over business enterprises through large-scale attacks. However, these organizations are using security tools to get prevention but still DDoS attack is frightening applications and business. While implementing denial of service attack, malware virus is used which is considered most harmful DDoS attack . To get rid of DDoS attack, better defense solutions are necessary to use by IT users. These solutions should be in proactive and reactive mode which is basically based on preference of business. It would be helpful for appropriate protection. If I talk about network layers, then not only at application layer but also at other layers such as network or session layers, security should be maintained. Data Diddling This digital crime is related to modification of data without any authorization for that data. This is done with the help of virus programs those have potential to change the systems data that is entered by a user. Data diddling is considered as common method of computer related crimes. The modifications in data occurs before, during and after inputting the data. The most commonly affected things by data diddling are banks, payrolls, credit records, school transcripts and other forms that require data processing. There are several cases of data diddling have registered in cyber law. As we know in banks and other online businesses, confidential information is transferred over internet. Therefore, hackers mostly put emphasize on these transactions to steal or modify this information. Due to amendments in amount and other personal inputs, heavy loss are encountered by users. To get rid of this problem, it is necessary to maintain security at users end. They should concern with their sec urity experts to sustain high level security of their network, database and computer. Every potential security tools such as anti-virus, use of strong passwords and security of network layer etc. should be used by users. It is responsibility of system administrator to check that only authorized persons should have permission to access information from of different departments in an organization. Spamming It is also a harmful cyber-crime activity that is performed by cyber criminals to access confidential information from internet users by sending fake emails to them. Spam email is known as junk mail that sends a message to victim with a web link or some business proposals by spammer. Multiple emails are collected from different websites by criminals and on those emails proposals are sent. When user receives spam email then he clicks on link that results to install malware into system and user redirects to phishing website. Spamming has become a biggest threat for internet users and it is an easier and common method to collect information by using emails (Jain, 2016). It is commonly seen in inbox that various spam emails have received from unknown entities and all these have purpose to collect personal and financial information of a user. Spamming emails not only steal information but also damage system files if they contain virus. The best way to get rid of this problem is that do no t open spam emails and just discard them with one click. Otherwise, sometimes with opening of spam emails, virus can directly attack on system. Besides this, by using email filters, emails can be squeezed. Filters can restrict to enter spam emails into users account and security of account will remain for long time. References Banyeresdelpenedes.com. (2017). Great Essay Example on Different Types of Cyber Crimes. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.banyeresdelpenedes.com/great-essay-example-on-different-types-of-cyber-crimes.asp Ddosattacks.net. (2017). accounting layer DDoS attacks rising | DDoS Attacks. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://ddosattacks.net/application-layer-ddos-attacks-rising/ Findlaw.(2017). Telemarketing Fraud - FindLaw. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://criminal.findlaw.com/criminal-charges/telemarketing-fraud.html Articles-about-spam.com. (2017). Am I a Spammer?. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.articles-about-spam.com/am-i-a-spammer.shtml TechRepublic. (2017). Hacker vs. cracker. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/it-security/hacker-vs-cracker/ Geek.com.(2017). Hacking and Cracking - Geek.com Stuff - Geek.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.geek.com/forums/topic/hacking-and-cracking/ Granados. (2017). How Online Piracy Hurts Emerging Artists. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/nelsongranados/2016/02/01/how-online-piracy-hurts-emerging-artists/#16d923137774 Lacroxin. (2017). The Growing Risk of Payment Instruction Fraud and Related Insurance Coverage Problems | The DO Diary. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.dandodiary.com/2016/04/articles/cyber-liability/the-growing-risk-of-payment-instruction-fraud-and-related-insurance-coverage-problems/ Ydstie. (2017). When Cyberfraud Hits Businesses, Banks May Not Offer Protection. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2015/09/15/440252972/when-cyber-fraud-hits-businesses-banks-may-not-offer-protection Press, T. (2017). Malicious Software Found at 250 Hyatt Hotels. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/15/business/malicious-software-found-at-250-hyatt-hotels.html?module=ArrowsNavcontentCollection=Business%20Dayaction=keypressregion=FixedLeftpgtype=article Liutilities.com. (2017). What is malicious software | Tech Articles. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.liutilities.com/articles/what-is-malicious-software/#.WbO1G8ZLfIU The Hindu. (2017). What is Ransomware?. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/what-is-ransomware/article18446176.ece Alexandra.(2017). Terrorism and Extortion. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/79059-terrorism-and-extortion-1 Shpantzer. (2017). Cyberstalking 101. Retrieved 11 September 2017, from https://programs.online.utica.edu/articles/cyberstalking Jain, G. (2016). A Study of Bayesian Classifiers Detecting Gratuitous Email Spamming. Communications On Applied Electronics, 6(2), 26-30. https://dx.doi.org/10.5120/cae2016652434 GIERSZEWSKI, T. (2016). management - Malicious Software in IT/OT Systems. AUTOMATYKA, ELEKTRYKA, ZAKLOCENIA, 7(4(26)2016), 158-169. https://dx.doi.org/10.17274/aez.2016.26.09 A Sophisticated Approach to Detect Email Frauds. (2016). International Journal Of Science And Research (IJSR), 5(5), 415-419. https://dx.doi.org/10.21275/v5i5.nov163311 Kulkarni, S. (2016). What causes peer review scams and how can they be prevented?. Learned Publishing, 29(3), 211-213. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/leap.1031

Manuscript Review Essay Example

Manuscript Review Paper Essay on Manuscript Why I love the first book about the boy wizard with a scar in the form of lightning and an exaggerated sense of responsibility to the world No, dear, not for the plot it is just terrible or worse morality. No. I love the texture of the book of the world. Heroes fly Nimbus 2000 eating colorful candy Bertie Botts and cheer for Tornados You know what I mean No, Manuscript no invented mythology -.? But here it is not necessary artfully scattered here referring to modern culture. And Burberry scarf to cover the clearest proof. We are what we wear, we are what we smoke, we are where we eat, we are what we drive. Brands R Us. We will write a custom essay sample on Manuscript Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Manuscript Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Manuscript Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The plot is banal to scrap in the teeth. Boy zadrot in the first day of the course meets a beautiful girl and falls in love head over heels. At first, she even did not want to notice, as well as the story of their relationship is becoming more and more ambiguous. Under the seeming simplicity of the plot and ease of perception disappears unexpectedly deep analysis of the obvious things, like unrequited love, friendship, human stupidity, jealousy The manuscript -. it is the search for alternative answers to the questions, the answers to which were nezyblimymi postulates of modern society. This interval is five years in length on the Road to Schastyu.Etakaya fashion parable. Illegitimate daughter of Vivienne Westwood by Paulo Coelho. Fresh drink, the worlds stale air, and books as a blueprint about glamor, selling love and other dolce-vita Of particular interest is a form of storytelling -. It is conducted alternately, then the boy, then from the girl who and act as the main heroes of the novel, and the book aftobiograficheskaya basis. This is certainly not the case when the author tries to recreate autentinchnost event but rather from the category:. Is based on real events » Book of the boys debut, still can from this read so easily not overloaded with unnecessary load literary cliche. Manuscript Review Essay Example Manuscript Review Paper Essay on Manuscript Write a review must be all the same a little later not once but otherwise leaves some confusion and a general lack of understanding. I will try again. Put the book on the table and threw her pile of junk, I at the same time and paid off over time, their first clear and distinct idea of ​​the manuscript I erased the first impression I erased my attitude to this book. I did it on purpose, in order to check out an interesting fact. And whether there will be after it any aftertaste or brain swallowed it all and spit in the same second Here already is a delicate matter a good book, like wine, over time, the impression it only improved, amplified and, if possible so to speak, is deepening. That is the book somehow gets out of your mind, that you took it for the first time in the subconscious, where the already forming in my mind refined understanding of the value of the product. So what happened here? I can say one thing finish there but it is not clear what. The impression that the book is no longer remembered its content, ideas or thoughts, and the cover (not in the literal sense of the word). Bright, mixed, with the claim, purposefully, fashion thats what comes to mind today. These incoherent words describe my state better than any whatsoever compound sentences. Trying to figure out why these feelings caused the book, you realize that theres all about the debut. Nothing complicated I began to disassemble and analyze the literary qualities of writers, I did not try to understand them through the book I just read the first book by these authors. And it became clear where there was a claim where there is focus, why is so bright and so on. Criticize or blame the writers for the collection of these qualities of the book is not worth it. After all, to win your reader is very difficult and everyone is doing it completely different ways, someone uses shocki ng, someone writes a stunningly beautiful language about anything, and someone terrible, but about something, and there are those who write just about the problems of the modern world, trying to hook the reader near the theme. We will write a custom essay sample on Manuscript Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Manuscript Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Manuscript Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What is the path chosen these writers? I think it will be seen in their following works. Manuscript Review Essay Example Manuscript Review Paper Essay on Manuscript Manuscript a book that gave me joy to go through several hours of enjoyable reading. Going to the presentation, I did not expect this from a book. I do not like the models, I thought that she was in this book, because the book with the help of the podium earns a lot, especially after rolling Ugly Betty on the national channel. But no, I was wrong. After reading the first couple of pages, I was ready to applaud the author. Can frustrate fans of Oksana, she got rid of the role of the classical model, running on. minus a cover of If I had not read this book is for me to Constantine was the most like pale grebe, a writer whom I saw. But, as you know, everything went well. We will write a custom essay sample on Manuscript Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Manuscript Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Manuscript Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I have not read the melodrama so forgotten as they can get experience. This clipping from the world Di rather than keep us in a daze the whole book, and gives us the opportunity to experience. This book is a brave and mature man, who was able to say I love you And I do not care what it takes to kill all of these critters . By the end of the book I do not understand where you want to be upset and where to enjoy, I just read, what will happen next. in this book, there are some scenes that give you the feeling of love, beauty and simple human happiness, as well as where and when people are in need of material values ​​( do not forget to models). And it is very difficult to pass. At some points the author simply surprised. Indeed, very nice! The script in the book is not quite weak, but there are better. By itself, the book is easy, but there are better. But I can not say that the book is worthless or not interesting. I really liked the book.

Coming of Age in Mississippi essays

Coming of Age in Mississippi essays Anne Moody plays a strong role in the civil rights movement. As a child she faced many challenges growing up as a poor black girl. Yet, despite these circumstances all those setbacks inspired her to move on. Moody was determined to make a change in the community and she would stop at nothing. When growing up Anne encountered many problems. Her uncle George Lee used to beat her when he would baby-sit her and her little sister Adline. Their house caught on fire once because her uncle was trying to burn her. In addition, her parents separated because her father began to gamble and come home when he pleased. Her child hood was extremely difficult; she was the oldest of nine children. Still Anne Moody chooses to succeed. She was Valedictorian of her class and received scholarships to go to college. The first time Moody was really insulted by segregation, was when she heard about the murder of Emmet Till. Emmet Till was a young boy from Greenwood, who was killed for whistling at a white girl. This incident really affected Moody. She was scared, hurt, angered and confused. The death of Emmet Till was Annes inspiration to fight for the rights of blacks. Moody said that she knew the fear of hunger and poverty, but this was the first time that she faced the fear of being black. The death of Emmet inspired Anne to ask questions and to get more knowledge on the black movement. Her teacher Mrs. Rice informed Moody about the NAACP and told her many stories. Moody was shocked to hear about all the horrible acts that were being done to blacks. Mrs. Rice also told Anne that she must keep that information to herself because it could get them into trouble. Basically, it was understood that the Negroes in Centreville were not allowed to discuss these types of things. Moody was really affected by Emmets death, but all the other incidents gave her the strength to seek change. For example, the burning of The Tapla...

USS Saratoga (CV-3) World War II Aircraft Carrier

USS Saratoga (CV-3) World War II Aircraft Carrier Originally conceived as part of a large building program in 1916, USS Saratoga was intended to be a Lexington-class battlecruiser mounting eight 16 guns and sixteen 6 guns. Authorized along with the South Dakota-class battleships as part of the Naval Act of 1916, the US Navy called for the six ships of the Lexington-class to be capable of 33.25 knots, a speed which had previously only been attainable by destroyers and other smaller craft. With the American entry into World War I in April 1917, construction of the new battlecruisers was repeatedly postponed as shipyards were called upon to produce destroyers and submarine chasers to combat the German U-boat threat and escort convoys. During this time, the final design of the Lexington-class continued to evolve and engineers worked to design a power plant capable of achieving the desired speed.      Design With the end of the war and a final design approved, construction moved forward on the new battlecruisers.  Work on Saratoga commenced on September 25, 1920 when the new ship was laid down at New York Shipbuilding Corporation in Camden, NJ. The ships name derived from the American victory at the Battle of Saratoga during the American Revolution which played a key role in securing the alliance with France. Construction was halted in early 1922 following the signing of the Washington Naval Treaty which limited naval armaments. Though the ship could not be completed as a battlecruiser, the treaty did allow for two capital ships, then under construction, to be converted into aircraft carriers. As a result, the US Navy elected to complete Saratoga and USS Lexington (CV-2) in this fashion. Work on Saratoga soon resumed and the hull was launched on April 7, 1925 with Olive D. Wilbur, wife of Secretary of the Navy Curtis D. Wilbur, serving as sponsor. Construction As converted battlecruisers, the two ships possessed superior to anti-torpedo protection than future purpose-built carriers, but were slower and had narrower flight decks. Capable of carrying over ninety aircraft, they also possessed eight 8 guns mounted in four twin turrets for anti-ship defense. This was the largest size gun permitted by the treaty. The flight deck featured two hydraulically powered elevators as well as a 155 F Mk II catapult. Intended for launching seaplanes, the catapult was seldom used during active operations. Re-designated CV-3, Saratoga was commissioned on November 16, 1927, with Captain Harry E. Yarnell in command, and became the US Navys second carrier after USS Langley (CV-1). Its sister, Lexington, joined the fleet a month later. Departing Philadelphia on January 8, 1928, future admiral Marc Mitscher landed the first aircraft on board three days later. Overview Nation: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, NJLaid Down: September 25, 1920Launched: April 7, 1925Commissioned: November 16, 1927Fate: Sunk as part of Operation Crossroads, July 25, 1946 Specifications Displacement: 38,746 tonsLength: 880 ft.Beam: 106 ft.Draft: 24 ft., 3Propulsion: 16 Ãâ€" boilers, geared turbines and electric drive, 4 Ãâ€" screwsSpeed: 34.99 knotsRange: 10,000 nautical miles at 10 knotsComplement: 2,122 men Armament (as built) 4 Ãâ€" twin 8-in. guns, 12 Ãâ€" single 5-in. guns Aircraft (as built) 91 aircraft Interwar Years Ordered to the Pacific, Saratoga transported of force of Marines to Nicaragua before transiting the Panama Canal and arriving at San Pedro, CA on February 21. For the remainder of the year, the carrier remained in the area testing systems and machinery. In January 1929, Saratoga took part in Fleet Problem IX during which it mounted a simulated attack on the Panama Canal. Largely serving in the Pacific, Saratoga spent much of the 1930s taking part in exercises and developing strategies and tactics for naval aviation. These saw Saratoga and Lexington repeatedly show the increasing importance of aviation in naval warfare. One exercise in 1938 saw the carriers air group mount a successful attack on Pearl Harbor from the north. The Japanese would use a similar approach during their attack on the base three years later at the start of World War II. USS Saratoga (CV-3) - World War II Begins Entering Bremerton Navy Yard on October 14, 1940, Saratoga had its anti-aircraft defenses enhanced as well as received the new RCA CXAM-1 radar. Returning to San Diego from a brief refit when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the carrier was ordered to carry US Marine Corps fighters to Wake Island. With the Battle of Wake Island raging, Saratoga arrived at Pearl Harbor on December 15, but was unable to reach Wake Island before the garrison was overrun. Returning to Hawaii, it remained in the area until being hit by a torpedo fired by I-6 on January 11, 1942. Sustaining boiler damage, Saratoga returned to Pearl Harbor where temporary repairs were made and its 8 guns removed. Leaving Hawaii, Saratoga sailed for Bremerton where further repairs took place and modern batteries of 5 anti-aircraft guns installed. Emerging from the yard on May 22, Saratoga steamed south to San Diego to begin training its air group. Shortly after arriving, it was ordered to Pearl Harbor to take part in the Battle of Midway. Unable to sail until June 1, it did not arrive in the battle area until June 9. Once there, it embarked Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher, whose flagship, USS Yorktown (CV-5) had been lost in the fighting. After briefly operating with USS Hornet (CV-8) and USS Enterprise (CV-6) the carrier returned to Hawaii and began ferrying aircraft to the garrison on Midway. On July 7, Saratoga received orders to move to the Southwest Pacific to aid in Allied operations in the Solomon Islands. Arriving late in the month, it began conducting airs strikes in preparation for the invasion of Guadalcanal. On August 7, Saratogas aircraft provided air cover as the 1st Marine Division opened the Battle of Guadalcanal. In the Solomons Though the campaign had just begun, Saratoga and the other carriers were withdrawn on August 8 to refuel and replenish aircraft losses. On August 24, Saratoga and Enterprise returned to the fray and engaged the Japanese at the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. In the fighting, Allied aircraft sank the light carrier Ryujo and damaged the seaplane tender Chitose, while Enterprise was hit by three bombs. Protected by cloud cover, Saratoga escaped the battle unscathed. This luck did not hold and a week after the battle the carrier was struck by a torpedo fired by I-26 which caused a variety of electrical issues. After making temporary repairs at Tonga, Saratoga sailed to Pearl Harbor to be dry docked. It did not return to the Southwest Pacific until arriving at Noumà ©a in early December. Through 1943, Saratoga operated around the Solomons supporting Allied operations against Bougainville and Buka. During this time, it operated with for periods with HMS Victorious and the light carrier USS Princeton (CVL-23). On November 5, Saratogas aircraft conducted strikes against the Japanese base at Rabaul, New Britain. Inflicting heavy damage, they returned six days later to attack again. Sailing with Princeton, Saratoga took part in the Gilbert Islands offensive in November. Striking Nauru, they escorted troop ships to Tarawa and provided air cover over the island. In need of an overhaul, Saratoga was withdrawn on November 30 and directed to proceed to San Francisco. Arriving in early December, the carrier spent a month in the yard which saw additional anti-aircraft guns added. To the Indian Ocean Arriving at Pearl Harbor on January 7, 1944, Saratoga joined with Princeton and USS Langley (CVL-27) for attacks in the Marshall Islands. After attacking Wotje and Taroa at the end of the month, the carriers began raids against Eniwetok in February. Remaining in the area, they supported the Marines during the Battle of Eniwetok later the month. On March 4, Saratoga departed the Pacific with orders to join the British Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean. Sailing around Australia, the carrier reached Ceylon on March 31. Joining with the carrier HMS Illustrious and four battleships, Saratoga took part in successful raids against Sebang and Surabaya in April and May. Ordered back to Bremerton for an overhaul, Saratoga entered port on June 10. With work complete, Saratoga returned to Pearl Harbor in September and began operations with USS Ranger (CV-4) to train night fighting squadrons for the US Navy. The carrier remained in the area conducting training exercises until January 1945 when it was ordered to join USS Enterprise in support of the invasion of Iwo Jima. After training exercises in the Marianas, the two carriers joined in mounting diversionary attacks against the Japanese home islands. Refueling on February 18, Saratoga was detached with three destroyers the next day and directed to launch night patrols over Iwo Jima and nuisance attacks against Chi-chi Jima. Around 5:00 PM on February 21, a Japanese air attack struck the carrier. Hit by six bombs, Saratogas forward flight deck was badly damaged. By 8:15 PM the fires were under control and the carrier was sent to Bremerton for repairs. Final Missions These took until May 22 to complete and it was not until June that Saratoga arrived at Pearl Harbor to commence training its air group. It remained in Hawaiian waters until the wars end in September. One of only three prewar carriers (along with Enterprise and Ranger) to survive the conflict, Saratoga was ordered to take part in Operation Magic Carpet. This saw the carrier carry 29,204 American serviceman home from the Pacific. Already obsolete due to the arrival of numerous Essex-class carriers during the war, Saratoga was deemed surplus to requirements after the peace. As a result, Saratoga was assigned to Operation Crossroads in 1946. This operation called for the testing of atomic bombs at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. On July 1, the carrier survived Test Able which saw a bomb air burst over the assembled ships. Having sustained only minor damage, the carrier was sunk following the underwater detonation of Test Baker on July 25. In recent years, the wreck of Saratoga has become a popular scuba diving destination.

Charles I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charles I - Essay Example full term at the helm of the throne, and the conflicts that characterized his term, emanating from his perceived loyalty to the Catholicism, leaving the Protestants to feel aggrieved. The conflict with the parliament soared so high to the point of having the structure of leadership change after his execution and the parliament ruled without the monarch, when fifty-nine among the commission of judges signed a death warrant and committed him to be executed (Hibbert, 273). While covering the life story of Charles I, the book has also sought to give the backgrounds that led the King to act in the manner he acted in different situations of his leadership, seeking to create a full understanding of the life and the circumstances that surrounded the life of the King. This book covers an important aspect of the history of England, most especially by delving deeply into the aspect of the conflict between the parallel systems of leadership; the monarchial system and the parliamentary system. Additionally, the book covers the core of the emergence of a constitutional monarchy while also highlighting the role that religion has played to influence the politics of England throughout its history. Thus, this subject needs to be covered, so that it can create deeper insights into the history of the conflicts between parliamentary system and the monarchial system and the reason as to why the two parallel system works in present day without much of a conflict. Through this subject, the history of religion and religion conflicts also will be understood, thus creating an understanding of religion and how it has shaped religion, thus enabling an appreciation how things work the way they work in present day. The thesis of this book points to the idea that; Charles I was not suited to the throne when assessed by his physical appearances, and neither was his father King James. Because of the negative things that he was perceived to have done to some people, which deprived them of their

Whos afraid of sigmund Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whos afraid of sigmund Freud - Essay Example He is no longer thought of as scientific or serious. He is mostly a cartoon character who speaks in a thick German accent while chomping on a cigar. People tend to believe stereotypes about him, such as that he believed childhood trauma was the reason for all problems in adulthood. The author of this article seeks to defend Freud from some of these claims, and to a certain extent succeeds. To be fair to Freud, it is important to recall the time period he was living and writing in. Very little was known about psychology. He was the founder of this discipline. Many of his ideas were educated guesses based on conversations with patients and scientific study he undertook. There were bound to be errors. Few psychologists today would have been anywhere near as successful as Freud was if they had to operate under the same conditions. Even today, his basic concepts are accepted, as Hustvedt writes, â€Å"No neuroscientist today would say that the unconscious does not exist, nor would he or she say that we do not have implicit memories (memories outside of consciousness.) No one working in the field would argue against primal emotional drives in human beings either.† It is clear that he has a continuing influence, even if it is not as large as it once was. That is not to say Freud was not wrong on many fronts. Much of his thinking about sex is outdated. But all things considered, he was a genius who deserves our respect. An important subject he studied that is very relevant today is the relationship between patient and therapist. He immediately saw the danger of too close an attachment and warned that therapists must watch their feelings closely in these encounters.

Donnie Darko - Detailed Summary Essay Example for Free

Donnie Darko Detailed Summary Essay Donnie Darko is an intelligent, yet delirious and emotionally-ill teenager, whos idealistic fantasy of correcting the wrongs in society, finally appears possible in a tangent universe (an imaginative reality), where he is guided by an imaginary friend Frank, who appears as a malevolent giant bunny in Donnies day-time hallucinations. In the early stages of the film, Frank literally lures Donnie from reality and introduces him to a tangent universe where Donnie observes what wouldve been, (yet ultimately is) his own death in reality, where he is crushed by a plummeting airliner engine that crashes through the roof of his house directly above his bedroom where he sleeps. In the tangent reality though, he is merely a bystander, bemused and frightened by the calamity of the aftermath, as he returns home the morning subsequent to the disaster. He realizes that his long sleep-walk adventure the previous night, (Summoned by Frank) had ensured the avoidance of his death. The viewer is initially under the impression that Frank is a product of Donnies disturbed and inventive sub-conscious, as he is but a vehicle to allow Donnies inhibitions to express themselves through acts of desecration. In many ways, Frank seems to take advantage of Donnies mental state by coercing him to perpetrate crime. Yet Donnie appears to advocate his own actions, indicating his intentions for societal change, reformation, and also for companionship he fears the prospect of dying alone, in which case, Frank is an ally who can assist Donnie in coping with his emotional struggles and hardships. The fact that Donnies mental condition is later classified as paranoid schizophrenia by Dr Thurman (Donnies psychiatrist), would appear as another viable theory or impression, for the viewer to follow. However, it proves not as strong. The reason being, is that the initial or aforementioned theory supports the films noteworthy theme that destruction is a form of creation (an idea propagated by Donnies secondary literacy teacher, Mrs. Pomeroy), whereas the latter is a shallow, yet logical conclusion that isnt glaringly in keeping with any underlying messages of the film itself. Later in the film, the tangent universe allows for the discovery of Frank, as an authentic person, who is murdered by Donnie as he is directly responsible for a fatal car accident involving Donnies much- adored tangent girlfriend, Gretchen. This enlightens us as to the reason for Franks contact with Donnie. Frank has traveled back through time, to in-turn; open a port-hole to Donnies future and enable Donnie to view aspects of his life ahead as a series of visual manifestations, (ie post airliner engine catastrophe). In doing this, he informs Donnie that Armageddon will arrive in twenty-eight days, which conveniently serves as a manipulative motive to aid his primary objective: To discourage Donnie in continuing his life in reality; in the hope that Franks life will be spared. At this point in the film, the recurring theme of time travel claims its stronghold, regardless of previous acknowledgements and inferences. For instance, in one particular scene Frank implies he is from the future, and in numerous others, Donnie is seen eagerly researching and discussing theoretical revelations, pertaining to the philosophy of time travel. Evidently though, these scenes and others, such as the Frank-influenced despoilment of Donnies school and the arson of a corrupt perverts house, illustrate critical stages of Donnies inner journey that is, from a disillusioned teenager, troubled by the folly of mainstream attitudinal beliefs, to an individual who transcends reality in order to subsist in an idealistically superior society, of his own invention. After twenty-seven days of endeavor through outrageous public displays and clandestine defilement, the foretold event of Armageddon looms near. Donnie ambles through the final moments of his tangent existence (inner journey), as his character-defining tenacious dynamism begins to fade. As expected, he assumes his fatalistic mentality of all living things have a set path, and that humans are merely vessels traveling along Gods channel, gradually nearing a pre-determined destination. At this stage, Donnies mindset suggests a search for spiritual solace and religious meaning. Whilst denying an utterly defeatist outlook, Donnie exerts a courageous exterior by modestly welcoming his fate, in the hope that there will be so much to look forward to. He is of course referring to a reformed humanity that is devoid of inadequacy, corruption and suppression. It is here, that the film takes an unexpected turn, whereby Donnies inner journey in the tangent universe is virtually thwarted due to the sub-conscious acknowledgement of an audible phrase, originally voiced by his late girlfriend, Gretchen. It is part of her conjecture of emotional solace: What if you could go back through time, and replace all those hours of pain and darkness with something better? At this point, Frank uses his god-like essence to summon Donnie in reality, assuming that hed been subjected to enough to be dissuaded, and, much to the viewers astonishment, Donnie awakes in bed, hysterically laughing in awe and disbelief of his dream. Whilst conscious, he remembers the tangent visions of pain and anguish, including Gretchens death, and the murder of Frank, and decides that his future should be exempt from more emotional suffering. Donnie opts to conclude his inner journey heroically, by means of self-sacrifice that is, to allow the plummeting airliner engine to destroy him, thus ensuring an extended life for his beloved female tangent counterpart, Gretchen. The film Donnie Darko is significant to the theme of imaginary journey as it details a persons sinister epigrammatic voyage into the future, and consequent development of emotional alteration. Director Richard Kelly uses the character Donnie as a representation of idealistic thought inherent in society. It is no undisclosed fact that society itself, is pervaded by thoughts and ideals that are in contrast with expected societal opinion. Kelly hints at the notion that we are engaged in the journey of life, yet our propulsion is suppressed somewhat, by the  undeniable need to conform to societys bounds and restrictions thus society would seem to preclude humans from achieving their primary goal(s) or concluding their journeys. Also intertwined with this perception, is the suggestion of the faà §ade of human nature. Kelly suggests it is unnatural for veritable human inclination to be constrained, hence the rationale of life-long journeys that are embarked upon to discover a sense of self. Donnies self discovery is shown through his sacrifice for Gretchen. Whilst on his imaginary journey, Donnie identifies with her troubled emotions and sinister background of family trauma. He discovers a person remarkably similar to himself, so his sacrifice in essence could be perceived as an effort of self-preservation as he was intent on ensuring continuity of his spirit within a physical entity other than himself. This is a viable interpretation, relevant to a reflective inner journey, as it is a primary motive for initial commitment to the journey itself. Kelly realizes that Donnies journey is exceedingly implausible and unrealistic. Without detracting from the intended solemnity, it seems a feat such as Donnies could only be surmounted by a philosophical super-hero with ethereal powers. Kelly deliberately captures the fervent yet slightly naà ¯ve central vision of Donnies ideological expectations in the films title, and in Donnies heroic bravado. Nonetheless, he encourages provocation of thought and motivational urge on our set path in life, or inner journey. The reason being is that humans are inclined to stray from reality, if indeed; there is an absence of true accomplishment in their existence. By this, Kelly infers that an inner journey is necessary to undergo, as it induces self-gratification and contributes to the conservation and perpetuation of ones psyche. Director Richard Kelly uses the medium of time travel to symbolize the eternal human endeavor/journey in Donnie Darko. I use eternal, because we yearn for such an easy method as time travel to reveal future outcomes and destinations, yet we are simultaneously disenchanted by its obvious  impracticalities. Kelly expresses his interpretation of fatalism via liquid spears, which consist of water and metal, and appear as a cylindrical protrusion from a humans chest. In the scene known as the liquid spear waltz, (tangent universe), Donnie in his hallucinatory state, sees these spears connected to the chests of his friends and family. He observes that the individual always follows the path of the spear, to their immediate destination. For example, Donnies spear leads him to the fridge on one occasion, whilst he was thirsting for a drink. He wouldve made that same trip even if the spear wasnt there. Furthermore, the inclusion of mystical activity in the film, such as the liquid spear, adds to the surrealism of the tangent universe, reinforcing the imaginary focus of Donnies journey. Kelly has portrayed the same dream-like atmosphere via other medium also. For example, many of the tangent universe scenes are in slow-motion, and filmed from an aerial perspective. This informs the viewer of the simulation of the tangent universe, whilst creating a mystic atmosphere and mood. Finally, Kellys concept of fatalism may well be perceived as a mere scapegoat for human failure, yet such a perception would be grossly incorrect. He emphasizes that; we shouldnt knowingly inhibit ourselves because we travel on a set path in life. If anything, a pre-determined future should provide motivation, and encourage one take advantage of daily opportunities and prospects. After all, we are oblivious as to when exactly, our journey of life shall ultimately cease.

Who is the real Shakespeare? Essay -- William Shakespeare Playwrights

Who is the real Shakespeare? One of the largest mysteries of current time is the debate over who the author of the plays commonly attributed to William Shakespeare really is. Commonly termed as the â€Å"authorship problem,† many skeptics believe that the William Shaksper of Stratford (the spelling of his name originally) could not have been the true composer of the plays he is traditionally attributed with. Although the thought of someone besides Shakespeare composing the plays is not popular with the American and European world, there are excessive theories concerning the truth behind the possibility of the works being authentically his. Doubts about the true composer of Shakespeare’s works generally arise from the fact that there is no logical match between the working-class William Shaksper of Stratford and the work, and the absence of proper documentation that connect him to any of the works. According to Volker Multhopp in his essay â€Å"Why I am not a Stratfordian,† â€Å"This man achieved the absolute pinnacle of English literature in an era when class was paramount, yet his own origin was absolutely ordinary-- middle class† (1). According to the Oxford Society in the â€Å"Shakespeare Authorship FAQ,† â€Å"Nothing about the Stratford man rings true: his character, his background, his education, his family, his friends, his behavior towards his debtors and his neighbors, his recorded conversation and his attitude to money and property† (1). With all of the evidence pointed against the Stratford man as being the author of the world’s greatest literature , Stratfordians claim that the consequential details of his life pointing against him merely make him an unmitigated genius. Doubts about the... ...st literature of all times. It is possible that the Stratford man could have befriended aristocrats and gained the favor of Elizabeth herself, even having guidance from other aristocrats. On the other hand, because there is no evidence that the Stratford man was the author of the works, it is hard to accept the common man as the William Shakespeare that the plays were accredited to. Perhaps the reason that Shakespeare’s works have not been attributed to any other man would attest to the fact that scholars are not willing to accept the implications that the man celebrated to be the world’s most ingenious literary figure is not, in fact, who he was thought to be. However, the search for evidence leading to the true author will continue out of the ethical implications that credit must be given to the true author of the world’s greatest literature.

Relevance of Sports in Youth Development

TABLE OF CONTENT Acknowledgments Abstract Dedication CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction The history of sports probably extends as far back as the existence of people as purposive sportive and active beings. Sport has been a useful way for people to increase their mastery of nature and the environment. The history of sport can teach us a great deal about social changes and about the nature of sport itself. Sport seems to involve basic human skills being developed and exercised for their own sake, in parallel with being exercised for their usefulness. It also shows how society has changed its beliefs and therefore there are changes in the rules. Of course, as we go further back in history the dwindling evidence makes the theories of the origins and purposes of sport difficult to support. Nonetheless, its importance in human history is undeniable. Sports that are at least two and a half thousand years old include hurling (similar to field hockey) in Ireland, harpastum (similar to rugby) in Rome, cuju (similar to association football) in China, and polo in Persia. The Mesoamerican ballgame originated over three thousand years ago. There are artifacts and structures that suggest that the Chinese engaged in sporting activities as early as 2000 BC. [1] Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's ancient past. Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a number of sports, including swimming and fishing, were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt. [2] Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. Ancient Persian sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of Zourkhaneh. Among other sports that originate in Persia are polo and jousting. This thematic profile attempts to broadly introduce some of the current themes related to physical education and sport for youth. In the literature related to physical education and sport there is much debate across the world over definitions of physical education, sport and physical activity. There is also great variance in the standard age boundaries for youth world-wide. These issues will not be explored in detail here. Rather a number of links to further reading and resources are provided after each sub-theme to direct readers to additional information. Within schools, physical education is an essential component of quality education. Not only do physical education programmes promote physical activity, such programmes also correlate to improved academic performance under certain conditions. Sport can also, under the right conditions, provide healthy alternatives to deviant behaviour such as drug abuse, violence and crime. 1. 2 Objectives of the study In other to achieve the aim of this research,the researcher will be writing on three specific objectives and three element of the problem statement which are as follows; a)To determine the Relevance of Sports to Youth Development b)To Determine the importanceof physical fitness to Youth Development c)To help youths develop a Healthy habits for life d)To help the youth develop confidence and identity e)To determine social benefit to the youth a)Relevance of Sports in Youth Development The benefits to children participating in organized sports are numerous. Organized sports help teach kids about physical fitness and and the importance of taking care of their bodies throughout their lives. Sports also can help teach kids important social and interpersonal skills, as well as teach them the value of hard work and persistence. Fitness Playing organized sports helps children get the exercise they need to stay healthy, and develop habits that will stay with them throughout their lives. Sports also help kids develop and understand skills and strengths that they will need forever, such as agility, coordination, endurance, and flexibility. Healthy Habits For Life Children who play sports have an increased awareness of their bodies, and are less likely to do things that will harm them at an early age, such as smoking cigarettes, drinking, or taking drugs. Many sports programs also strive to teach nutrition to young athletes, giving them even more awareness of the things they should and should not do to their bodies. This is a particularly important issue now more than ever, as the obesity rate in children is rising each year in almost every part of the world Confidence and Identity Participating in sports can help a child become more confident in his skills. As children practice and work to become better at any activity, their confidence level will increase. This new-found confidence will carry over into other things besides sports, including their studies and personal lives. Group activities such as organized sports help kids identify with a particular group–their team, perhaps–which is essential to the personal and social development of a child. Children who do not feel they are accepted or belong anywhere often experience depression, anxiety and a general lack of confidence. Hard Work and Persistence Group sports teach kids that in order to become good at something, they must work toward their goals. This is a very valuable lesson, one that they must carry with them into their adult lives. Sports also teach children that when they do not succeed–losing a game, for example–that they must deal with losing, and move on. Obviously, this is critical, because as an adult, you must move on after any kind of defeat or loss, and work to prevent those things from happening again, whether it is on the field, in your work, or in your personal life. Social Benefits Children who participate in these types of activities learn to communicate and work better with their peers and with adults. Teamwork is a valuable skill for children. Organized sports often are made up of kids who have a variety of different social and economic backgrounds, which can help teach children about diversity, and also provide the opportunity to make new friends. 1. 3Problem Statement The spate of youth involvement in crime rate has been the motivation for this research on how sports can be used to better develop the youth for development. The method for this research was qualitative and descriptive, as i used primary and secondary methods to source and collect data on the relevance of the topic. However, in this research, i developed a theoritical framework collecting data through distribution of questionnaires and interviews of some youths with a population sample of 50 persons. 1. 4Test of Hypothesis 1. 5Defination and Explanation of Terms CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, we will be reviewing all other relevant works by researches to enable us determine the Relevance of Sport in Youth Development. Works being reviewed here includes but not limited to Sport in general and youth development as a concept of its own. Firstly, the The United Nations defines youth as persons between the ages of 15 and 24, inclusive. In many cases, this definition includes people who have reached the age of majority (usually 18 years), yet still face unique issues and challenges as young adults. The UN also states that, while teenagers and early teens may be all considered ‘youth,’ the social, psychological and health challenges they face may be quite different (http://www. un. rg/esa/socdev/unyin/qanda. htm). The National Youth Council states that, while there is no ‘correct’ definition of youth, the term generally refers to people between the ages of 15 –and 29. The Council also offers a working definition of ‘youth development’ as: †¦a process which prepares young people to meet the challenges of adolescence and adulthood through a co-ordinated, p rogressive series of activities and experiences which help them to become socially, morally, emotionally, physically and cognitively competent. Positive youth development addresses the broader developmental needs of youth, in contrast to deficit-based models which focus solely on youth problems. It is evident in the literature reviewed that this holistic definition of youth development dovetails with current research on youth and sport. The definition concludes that sport-based programs should be part of a multi-agency approach to meeting the needs of young people, and they should not be considered in isolation from the broader social and material context. Definitions of ‘sport’ and ‘youth’ tend to vary, but, in most cases, youth sport is understood to be an organized and supervised activity that facilitates and encourages teamwork, discipline, and hard work among young people. While a great deal of evidence has been collected regarding the benefits of sport participation for children and youth, few conclusions have been drawn regarding the mechanisms by which sport positively facilitates, or contributes to, child and youth development. Developmentally appropriate forms and levels of sport and physical activity are key to the healthy physical, mental and social growth and development of children and youth. Youth unemployment is serious and growing problem in most African countries. In fact, in many of the countries, youth unemployment is about two times the national unemployment rate; in Nigeria it is four times the national average. An equally worrying trend is the high level of unemployment among educated youth. Two recent surveys for IFESH by NISER and Institute for Peace at the University of Ibadan revealed youth unemployment rates of over 60% among educated youth in Delta, Rivers, Kaduna, Kano and Plateau states – the focal states of the CALM project. The traditional responses to the youth unemployment problem in Africa include direct job creation, job skills training, community-based public works programs, educational reform with focus on technical education and vocational training. For instance, over 15 years ago, the Nigerian government established the National Open Apprenticeship Scheme operated by the National Directorate of Unemployment NDE). These measures have failed to alleviate the problem. The result is that youth unemployment remains a critical problem and source of insecurity in Nigeria and elsewhere in Africa. In fact, unemployed youths are known to be the main participants and â€Å"cannon fodders† in the spate of conflicts as well as the main culprits in gene ral state of insecurity and armed robberies in many communities in Nigeria. Thus, to prevent and effectively manage conflicts and insecurity in Nigeria (and elsewhere in Africa), the army of unemployed youths must be productively engaged in activities that will keep them away from conflicts and trouble. Sport is one activity that can provide productive engagement for the teeming youths in Nigeria. To be sure, sport along cannot solve the youth unemployment problem, but the promotion of sports will go a long way in helping to alleviate the problem in combination with other policies. (October 29, 2006, Press Article by Dr. Emmanuel Ojameruay http://www. niaausa. org/sports-promotion-as-an-instrument-for-productive-youth-engagement-a-case-study-of-ifesh%e2%80%99s-calm-project/) Coalter’s (2005) review essay captures important evidence regarding the role of sport in building and facilitating social and community inclusion and active citizenship. This body of literature, as interpreted and reported by Coalter (2005), links sport to Putnam’s (2000) notion of ‘social capital. ’ Communities with good social capital have strong community networks, a good sense of local identity and solidarity, and high levels of trust and support among members. With this in mind, there is evidence to 17 suggest that developing sport in the community may contribute to developing communities through sport (Coalter, 2005, p. 19), but also that non-traditional approaches should be taken if such results are to be realized. Most notably, a ‘bottom up’ approach that aligns with and supports existing community-based sporting infrastructure, and utilizes local labour and resources, has been found to have the most impact at the community level; it also has the additional advantage of avoiding local scepticism about ‘quick-fix schemes’ (Coalter, 2005). More specifically, sport has been used as a practical tool to attract young people to volunteering, engaging them at the community level. Eley & Kirk (2002, cited by Coalter, 2005) found hat such programs resulted in increased measures of altruism, community orientation, leadership and sense of self among young people. These findings align with a recent analysis of the social and cultural benefits of sport in a Canadian city. The report found that child and youth participation in sport in Calgary, not only as athletes but also as volunteers and officials, means that children and youth are experiencing and learning the values of citize nship and leadership – as they take on more responsibility for their sporting experiences and for the future administration of sport in their community (Douglas Brown Consulting, 2005). Coakley (2002) and Donnelly & Coakley (2002) have also carried out broadly based reviews of research evidence regarding the potential of sport programs to contribute to child and youth development and the social inclusion of children and youth. Coakley (2002) reviewed a wide range of research regarding youth development and concluded that, in exemplary programs, participants should feel physically safe, personally valued, socially connected, morally and economically supported, personally and politically empowered, and hopeful about the future. Donnelly & Coakley (2004) have pointed out that, where such programs are not available, youth gangs may actually meet some of these needs. With regard to the social inclusion of children and youth, Donnelly & Coakley (2002) point out the following: †¢ Inclusion is, first and foremost, an access issue, and the first thing that is necessary to promote inclusion is to overcome the structural/systemic barriers that prevent participation; †¢ The real benefits of sport involvement appear to derive from the potentials that are released in children and youth with ‘good,’ educated and sincere leadership. It seems that almost any type of well-intentioned program has tangible benefits with the ‘right’ people in charge† (p. 15). Thus, a great deal of effort should be expended on research regarding leadership training, and on the process of training both professionals and volunteers who are likely to be involved in the leadership of such programs; †¢ At this time, we know a great deal more about the barriers to participation/inclusion (although we have not been able to tap the political will to overcome such barriers) than we do about the process of social inclusion. Questions have been raised about the social inclusion potential of competitive sport programs (which are, by their very nature, organized along principles of social exclusion), and about programs organized on the principles of ‘social control. ’ In addition to overcoming barriers to 18 participation, we need a great deal more research to understand the process of social inclusion in sport. Recent research suggests that sport-based programs focused on children and youth in areas of conflict offer a means of both resolution and, in turn, reconciliation. Richards (1997, cited by Giulianotti, 1999), for example, found that sport can facilitate positive social opportunities in post-war Africa, where violence and child-soldiering have severely restricted or foreclosed the health and welfare of children and youth. Similarly, Gasser & Levinsen (2004, p. 179) documented the success of Open Fun Football Schools in reintegrating ethnic communities in the post-war Balkans, although they caution that â€Å"football is something like frontline farmland: fertile, but likely to be mined. When war leads to limited avenues for social and personal development, the importance of physical activity for children and youth may be thought to increase, and participation opportunities become paramount, in the contributions such opportunities afford to children impacted by conflict (Richards, 1997). These results suggest that, if sport-focused projects are locally grounded, carefully thought out, and professionally managed, they can make a modest contributi on to conflict resolution and peaceful coexistence in regions of violence (Sugden, 2006). Research also suggests that sport may provide an opportunity for positive peer interaction and healthy competition for and among youth (Weiss & Stuntz, 2004, cited by Hedstrom & Gould, 2004). Recent research suggests that peer relationships are a key part of young people’s experiences in sport, and that social acceptance and affiliation are important components in determining the extent to which children and youth enjoy participating in sport (Smith, 2003). As young people mature, they increasingly rely on peers or information and feedback regarding physical competence; therefore, sport as a context of physical activity, serves as a key site of child and youth development (Smith, 2003). Young offenders are increasingly referred to programs that include sport as an integral part of the rehabilitative process. The theoretical rationale for this approach positions offending youth as inadequately socialized to community norms, and sport as a remedial lesson in social norms and com munity living (Andrews & Andrews, 2003). There is also a widespread belief in the therapeutic value of sport (Coalter, 2005; Seefeldt & Ewing, 2002). Sports have also been used to enhance social development among children and youth by connecting â€Å"at risk† youth to social- and job-skills training, education programs and/or leadership opportunities. In these schemes, sports are not a â€Å"mechanism† for social development, but rather a positive means of inducing marginalized or delinquent youth towards other social programs that address underlying risk factors for crime involvement, early school leaving, homelessness and a range of other social problems in this population. Seefeldt & Ewing (2002) suggest that sport programs that target â€Å"at risk† youth can provide a â€Å"safe alternative activity to violence and intimidation† and gang membership, because sports teams may meet the individual’s need for social inclusion, physical competency and recreation. This research argues that the usefulness of sports to mediate anti-social behaviour in young people improves when used in combination with a full range of social, educational, and job-skill training programs (Seefeldt & Ewing, 2002). Secondly, we will not over look the relevance of Sports as a means of education to youth development. There is a significant amount of evidence to suggest that sport-based programs improve the learning performance of children and youth, facilitating educational attainment and encouraging them to stay in school, and that sport-based programs in schools aid in the social development of young people. This relationship is thought of in different ways. In the most basic way, sport participation at a young age helps children to learn physical skills that allow them to stay active later in life (Hedstrom & Gould, 2004). The educational benefits are often thought of more broadly, though. Children may learn, or become familiar with, the competitive process and learn to assess their competence in different skills through sport participation (Seefeldt & Ewing, 2002). In addition, the Conference Board of Canada’s (2005) report on sport in society states that sport is an important tool by and through which participants, particularly young people, gain and enhance a range of skills that are transferable to important parts of adult life. A case study of the Physically Active Youth (PAY) program in Namibia found that after-school programs targeting youth and focusing on a variety of physical activities (including aerobics, dance, outdoor education and competitive sports) increased the number of students who passed the national Grade 10 examination (CABOS Report, 2006). Since students who fail this exam, and drop out of school, tend to face a number of social barriers and engage in unhealthy behaviours (such as unemployment, drug abuse, anti-social behaviour, and an increased risk of contracting HIV/AIDS), the program is understood to make a strong contribution to the lives of Namibian youth by encouraging and facilitating their continued education (CABOS Report, 2006). Furthermore, an assessment of an education-based sport-development intervention in South Africa concluded that a variety of perceived social spinoffs, including community, financial and personal empowerment, were attached to increasing sport opportunities in a school setting, and helped to foster improved relations between children and teachers (Burnett, 2001). The Sport in Education (SpinEd) project, under the direction of Richard Bailey, gathered evidence to influence policy development aimed at redressing the decreasing trends in physical education and school sport (PESS). In addition, the project constructed a framework for evaluating the role of PESS in different countries and cultures, and collected best practices and evidence regarding the role of PESS in making positive contributions to school life (Bailey & Dismore, 2004). Their report concluded that PESS can make an important contribution to the education and development of children and youth, and that evidence supports the positive relationship between PESS and development in physical, lifestyle, affective, social and cognitive domains (Bailey & Dismore, 2004, p. 2). Bailey & Dismore conclude that the educational character of PESS needs to be accentuated and that PESS should be available to all children and youth as an educational entitlement, though they caution against any simple interpretation of causal benefits from PESS participation. The cognitive benefits of sport participation among children and youth remain a topic of research. Bailey’s (2006) review article illustrates that research debunks the notion that physical education and sport participation interfere with educational goals and academic achievement and, in many cases, research supports a link between physical education and improved academic performance (see also Sallis& Owen, 1999). While the benefits of regular exercise on cognition are small, the results are reliable for reaction time, reflexivity and performance of mathematics (Thomas et al. , 1994, cited by Coalter, 2005). However, since the quantitative data in this area are based on cognitive differences in pre- versus post-testing, it is difficult to assess or identify the mechanisms by which such improvements in cognitive performance occur. Coalter (2005) concludes that there is no definitive evidence in the literature of a causal relationship between sport participation and academic achievement. Thus, Bailey (2006) cautions that it should be considered that PESS can lead to improved cognitive development under the right conditions. There is also evidence to support the link between sport participation and educational achievement for college and university students. University students who use recreational sports facilities persist in their studies at a higher rate than non-sport participants, since recreational and intramural sport offers an important opportunity for interaction among students and the building of student satisfaction (Belch, Gebel & Maas, 2001). Evidence supports not only the educational benefits of sport participation, but also the utility of sport programs as educational catalysts to implement interventions and teach life skills. Papacharisis et al. (2005) provide evidence from the GOAL 25 program, a peer-to-peer, sport-based life-skills program targeted at youth who participated in sports clubs. The study supported the effectiveness of life-skills education (such as goal setting, problem solving and positive thinking) through its integration with sport programs. The results suggest that, in such interventions, athletes may improve their sports and life skills in a complementary fashion (Papacharisis et al. , 2005). Thirdly, the relevance of sports to youth development can be seen as tool of charracter-building in youths and development. While, Donnelly (1993, p. 428) noted: â€Å"We have long held, although with little evidence, that sport participation has the capacity to transform the character of individuals. † Of all the literature on sport and children/youth, the most difficult to quantify, yet also the most compelling in terms of social benefits, deals with the possibility that participation in sport and physical activity may positively impact the moral development of youth. Based on survey data, Canadians consider sport, after family, to have the most influence on the development of positive values in youth (CCES, 2002). In fact, in data collected in this survey, the role that sport plays in promoting and developing moral character was considered to be an essential component of the very definition of sport for children and youth, although not surprisingly, these ideas of the positive impact of sports on the development of character tend to come from those coaches, parents, volunteers and participants who are actively involved in children’s and youth sport (CCES, 2002). According to Coakley & Donnelly (2004, p. 3) this â€Å"character logic† is often used to encourage and defend children’s participation in sport; it is also used to justify the funding of sport programs, the building of facilities and the sponsorship of events. While the causal linkages and mechanistic connections between sport participation and character-building are difficult to create and sustain, theories have been put forth (supported in some cases by evidence-based research) to support the notion that partici pation in sport and physical activity builds character in children and youth. In a review essay, Ewing et al. (2002, p. 6) argued that sport offers a â€Å"dynamic domain† for moral and character development and expression among youth, particularly in terms of positive values such as hard work, fair play and an orientation to succeed, and behaviour and social relations. However, the same authors argue that sport does not, in and of itself, lead to the development of character or morals in youth, and, in fact, holds the possibility to undermine the creation of what would generally be considered positive traits of personal behaviour (Ewing et al. , 2002). Such interpretations are borne out in the literature. Hansen et al. ’s (2003) recent analysis of youth activities found that such activities provide a context for a wide range of developmental experiences; but, development of self-knowledge, emotional regulation and physical skills were particularly high within sport participation when compared to academic- and leadership-type activities. At the same time, sport activities were also the only context in this study in which youth also reported higher rates of negative experiences, particularly in relation to peer interaction and inappropriate adult behaviour (Hansen et al. 2003, p. 47). Thus, when cataloguing sport within an array of youth activities, the pattern of experiences was mixed and sport could be understood as both character building and challenging (Hansen et al. , 2003, p. 50). Hedstrom & Gould’s (2004, p. 5) review essay also concludes that research has demonstrated that character in children and youth can be enhanced in sport and physical education settings â⠂¬Å"when fair play, sportsmanship and moral development information is systematically and consistently taught. In other words, given that sport is a powerful social experience in the lives of children and youth, positive character development may occur under the right circumstances (PCPFS, 2006). Given that moral behaviour is learned through social interaction, the ways in which relations with others are constructed and facilitated impacts the ethical and moral behaviour learned through sport. In other words, there is a level of transfer between the values and ethics promoted in the sport and the moral character instilled in children and youth who participate. Ewing et al. (2002) reviewed evidence suggesting that a focus on reflection and meditation led to lower levels of anxiety for youth studying martial arts, and that athletes who focused on personal improvement, as opposed to greater ability, considered the sport to be a pedagogical tool for co-operation and citizenship as opposed to dominance and ends focused orientations (Ewing et al. , 2002, p. 37). Evidence also suggests that coaches play a key role in developing the moral and ethical parameters that impact youth involved in sport. This research indicates that the moral values and behaviour learned by children in sport come directly from instruction and their own engagement, and indirectly from observing coaches’ responses (Ewing et al. , 2002, p. 37). The analysis of youth sport participation and character development has been broken down into component parts: perspective-taking and empathy, moral reasoning and motivational orientation (PCPFS, 2006). The concept of character is often understood in relation to the ability to consider the views and positions of others. Perspective-taking is the cognitive ability to understand multiple points of view, while empathy is the affective skill of understanding the experiences of another person or group (PCPFS, 2006). In combination, perspective-taking and empathy underpin moral development and can be learned through game strategy and consideration of multiple perspectives within the sporting context – although this relationship is primarily a theoretical one, yet to be corroborated through evidence-based research (PCPFS, 2006). What has been documented through research, however, is that physical activity outside of sport may, in fact, be better suited to promoting empathy among youth, and that moral reasoning may be developed through sport if actively promoted in dialogue with a coach (PCPFS, 2006). For example, Trulson (1986, cited by Coakley & Donnelly, 2004, p. 171) found that the type of sport experience was key to reducing ‘delinquent’ behaviour in that martial arts taught with a philosophy of respect, patience, responsibility and honour were related to decreased delinquency, while those based on free sparring and self-defence were related to higher evels of delinquency. Research examining moral reasoning, or the ability to think about moral issues, among athletes has actually found that participation in sport is associated with lower levels of moral reasoning maturity; however, there is also evidence that coaches or physical educators may successfully promote the development of moral reas oning if they actively seek to do so (PCPFS, 2006). In relation to the third component of character, motivational orientation or the cognitive rationales for behaviour, research suggests that motivation may be improved through the type of positive team environment that sport participation can provide for children and youth (PCPFS, 2006). In effect, the potential does exist to effectively promote moral development through sport because the social interactions associated with sport participation may impact certain psychological traits that underlie moral decision-making (Seefeldt & Ewing, 2002). Leadership is also an issue that has been examined in research on children/youth and sport participation. Dobosz & Beaty’s (1999) analysis found that high-school athletes scored higher on a leadership ability measure than their non-athlete counterparts. They conclude, therefore, that athletics offers youth an opportunity and platform to develop and improve leadership skills and abilities. In conclusion, whereas sport has the possibility to provide an environment for the development of moral character, evidence also supports the idea that sport provides an opportunity to suspend moral obligation or support unethical behaviour in pursuit of winning. Coakley & Donnelly (2004, p. 4) point out that much of the research addressing sport and character over the past 50 years suffers from three problematic assumptions: that every kind of organized, competitive sport impacts the moral development of every athlete in the same ways; that the character-building experience of sport is unique to the extent that those who do not play are at a disadvantage in developing moral character; and that the notion of what constitutes positive moral characteristics is generally accepted. In this sense, Shields & Bredemeier (1995, cited by Ewing et al. 2002) caution that it is not the physicality of sport, or the learning and performance of sporting skills, that is either ethical or unethical or related to character development; more accurately, it is that social interactions within the sport experience potentially impact the development of moral character. Research suggests that sport programs among children and youth may contribute to social inclusion, both at the community level and in post-conflict areas, as well as in social psychological relations such as peer groups. Criminology literature has found evidence that sport-based programs may make a positive contribution to reducing youth crime as diversionary, rehabilitation and gateway programs. Youth sport participation has been linked to educational benefits if physical education is included as part of broad-based educational programs, although causal links between sport participation and educational achievement are difficult to establish. Evidence suggests that character-building, including moral behaviour, empathy, reasoning and leadership, may be promoted and facilitated through sport, although such processes are highly dependent on the context of the sporting program and the values promoted therein. From the literature reviewed, it is clear that sports participation among children and youth can encourage positive social, emotional, educational, community and moral development; however, these benefits are not automatic. Sports programs positively impact youth when: (a) they are conducted with a person-centred approach that is flexible enough to respond to the needs, motivations and rights of the child/youth, and (b) they de-emphasize rules, rivalry and winning, and emphasize choice for participants, effort and positive feedback (Sport England, 2002). This review of research also indicates that the operation and outcomes of sport programs are affected by, and, in turn, affect, a myriad of social factors/forces, and cannot be implemented or evaluated in isolation from these conditions. In terms of positive child and youth development, a multi-faceted approach is needed to target the multiple social conditions that contribute to positive outcomes (Coalter, 2005). In particular, positive attitudes, values and character traits must be actively promoted and taught in any child-/youth-focused sports program. This is most effectively accomplished with the positive, enthusiastic and skillful engagement of a coach, teacher or leader (Seefeldt & Ewing, 2002). Coakley’s list of the characteristics of exemplary sport programs for child and youth development indicates that participants should feel: physically safe; personally valued; socially connected; morally and economically supported; personally and politically empowered; and hopeful about the future. Sport programs have a positive impact on children and youth when they are person-centred, as opposed to outcome oriented, and emphasize choice and autonomy over rules and a focus on winning. In general, there is a lack of evidence from which to make strong claims about sports participation and social inclusion for and among children and youth (Bailey, 2005). Although there is an increasing awareness of the potential of sport to aid in the social and educational development of children and youth, there is also consensus that the specific contributions of sport (regarding education, socialization and social integration) need to be identified, and that a solid knowledge base can help to create a new political agenda and to ensure its implementation (Doll-Tepper, 2006, p. 1). The future success of sport and child/youth initiatives rely, to an extent, on co-operation between a variety of networks and stakeholders, such as community, sports clubs and schools, and between researchers and practitioners (Doll-Tepper, 2006, p. 71). There is also a need for more research to focus on the specific mechanisms by, and conditions under, which sport can and does make a positive contribut ion to child and youth development. Similarly, there is a need to better understand issues such as social inclusion and leadership/leadership training. Without careful attention paid to the conditions (social, psychological, material) that frame the lives of children and youth and their sporting experiences, the impact of sport-based interventions in relation to child/youth development are speculative at best. There is significant evidence to support the utility of sport in facilitating and supporting the development of children and youth. Sport participation and sport-based initiatives targeted at children and youth have been shown to decrease social exclusion and contribute to community-building and inclusion in a host of social contexts, such as areas of post-conflict and areas of poverty in LMICs. Research also suggests that sport offers an important resource for reducing delinquency and crime among youth and promoting community safety. Sport is also associated with facilitating educational commitment and attainment among children and youth, and as a vehicle for promoting character-building and moral development. The central conclusion of this literature review, however, is that these positive results of child/youth sport participation and child- and youth-based initiatives are not automatic or linear. Research indicates that sport programs should be part of a multi-agency approach to child and youth development, and that committed facilitators (coaches, administrators, volunteers) are needed to ensure that appropriate values (fair play as opposed to winning) are encouraged through sport programs. References J. Andrews & G. Andrews, â€Å"Life in a Secure Unit: The Rehabilitation of Young People Through the Use of Sport,† Social Science and Medicine 56(3) (2003):531–550. Y. Auweele, C. Malcolm & B. Meulders (eds. ), Sport and Development (Leuven, Belgium: Lannoo Campus, 2006). R. Bailey, â€Å"Evaluating the Relationship Between Physical Education, Sport and Social Inclusion,† Educational Review 57(1) (2005):71–90. R. 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Meulders (eds. ), Sport and Development (Leuven, Belgium: Lannoo Campus, 2006). M. R. Weiss & C. P. Stuntz, â€Å"A Little Friendly Competition: Peer Relationships and Psychosocial Development in Youth Sports and Physical Activity Contexts. † In M. R. Weiss (ed. ), Developmental Sport and Exercise Psychology: A Lifespan Perspective (Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology Inc. , 2004), 165–196. O. Willis, â€Å"Sport and Development: The Significance of Mathare Youth Sports Association† Canadian Journal of Development Studies 21(3) (2000):825–849. World Bank, Data and Statistics: Country Classification. http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMD:20420458~menuPK:64133156~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00. html Chapter Three 3. 0Research Methodology This chapter deals with how data was collected systematically so as to obtain useful information on the relevance of sport in youth development. The researcher is cognisant that this can be done in various ways and have given considerations to different approaches before settling for the ones which seems more suitable in finding answer to the research question. Both quantitative and qualitative instruments which were deemed more appropriate were used to enable the researcher gather necessary information about the relevance of sports to youth development. Below are methods that were considered; 3. 1RESEARCH DESIGN A research setting is seen as a framework for gathering the relevant data for a study. Thus Bryman and Bell (2007) suggests that a research design is a systematic technique or procedure for solving a specified research problem. Therefore the research design adopted for this study was a survey. This enabled the researcher to look into the research topic under study. . 2SOURCES OF DATA In order to carry out this research effectively, data were gathered from two major sources. They include primary and secondary data. 3. 2. 1 Primary Data The primary method of gathering data is also considered as survey method. According to Bryman and Bell (2007: 56) a †survey research comprises a cross sectional design in relation to which data are collected predominantly by questionnaire or by structured interview in other to collect a body of data in connection with two or more variables†. The purpose is to gather extensive and authoritative information about a study. Thus the researcher considered this technique best suitable for the study because unlike the secondary or historical data, the survey approach draws data from the present. As suggested by Jankowicz (2005), the survey method is used to determine the views of a sample based on what they feel, value and believe. Therefore it is obvious that this study intends to seek the perceptions of teachers, students, parents, sports men and women. Furthermore this method is used when the same question is used to seek the views and opinions of a relatively large sample size. Thus the tools used in the survey were structured questionnaire and interview. 3. 2. 2Questionnaire Questionnaires can take many forms depending on what is being measured. Designing questionnaires can be problematic because they involve a creative process of writing and a design process for devising a structure which is rational in terms of its objectives and intended subject. However Riley et al (2005) posits that the questionnaire has an advantage of collecting information on facts and opinions from a large number of people. Thus to carry out this research, the researcher administered questionnaires to teachers, students, parents, sportsmen and women. The questionnaire comprised of direct questions to teachers and coaches over the relevance of sport to youth development. The questionnaire consisted of fifteen structured questions with five options each to a question in a simple dichotomy of strongly agree, moderately agree, strongly disagree, disagree and undecided. A cover letter accompanied the questionnaire. It explained the purpose of the research, the aim of the questionnaire and the procedure for completing the questionnaire. The questionnaires were sent to the sample size by hand. The completed questionnaires were returned to the researcher on scheduled date of collection. 3. 2. 3Interview The researcher also conducted an interview with 4 sports adminstrators to gather data. The aim was to obtain relevant information from the perspective of those responsible for the adoption and implementation of Youth policies and sports in general about the relevance of sports to youth development. The interview was conducted through word to mouth conversation spending approximately 15 to 20 miniutes of the interviews 3. 0Secondary Data This involves a systematic collection of data relating to past occurrences. It is very useful in tracing the development of an issue from existing archival records. Though Jankowicz (2005) stated that this method is commonly utilised in business and management research, it was not the best suitable for this study. However this method was employed in chapter two in examining past scholarly work relating to incentives pay and commitment and performance. By this the researcher gathered information from already written works both published and unpublished that had relevance to the topic under study. They include text books, journals, articles and past research work form students. All these were consulted from institutional libraries and internet in London 4. 3 POPULATION OF THE STUDY It is the target of the study for collection of data. Olakunori (2000) opined that population is the entire number of people, objects, events and things that all have one or more characteristics of interest to a study. Similarly Castillo (2009) suggests that a research population is a well defined collection of individuals or objects known to have similar characteristics. It can also be referred to as the group where inferences are made. Thus for this study, the population consisted of teachers, students, coaches, sports men and women, These were drawn from three school in FCT, Abuja, Sports ministry, Medical Sports Department of the Sports Commission of Nigeria. However due to the large size of the school population, the researcher could not test every student and teachers, population because doing so will be time consuming and expensive. Therefore the target population was 130 4. 4 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE SIZE Castillo (2009) explains that a sample is a subset of the population. It is imperative to mention that samples are used in a study that involves a large population. The reasons for using samples include the desire of the researcher to adequately manipulate the enormous population so as to avoid errors in calculating large numbers, and the desire to reduce the cost of producing the copies of questionnaire that would cover the entire population. Furthermore the aim was to allow the researcher to conduct the study to individuals from the population so that the results of the study can be used to draw conclusion that will apply to the entire population. Thus for the purpose of achieving success in this study, the researcher in order to make an effective prediction of the population tried to find an optimal sample from which copies of questionnaire would be distributed. This was necessary since it was not possible to get the opinion of the entire population. Also an optimal sample size would make valid prediction of the population, minimise the cost and time of reaching the entire population. Barrow (1996) enumerates three ways of determining a sample size and they include; a. Conducting a small preliminary pilot survey b. Guessing . Using the results of existing surveys if available In light of the above the researcher adopted the first approach and conducted a pilot survey. The preliminary survey was carried out at Goverment Secondary Schools at Garki, and Wuse bothin Abuja, to know the reaction of the respondents to the questions and subsequently arrive at a sample size. As a result 130 copies of questionnaire were distributed to the respondents and 100 copies were properly completed and returned, while 30 were not returned. This represented 90 Percent success rate and 20 percent failure rate respectively. Based on the result of the pilot survey, the sample was calculated using Freud and Williams' (1970) model. The formula is stated thus; n= Z2 Pq e2 where n= sample size Z= Critical value corresponding to the chosen level of significance= 1. 96 (given) P= percentage of Success =80% or 0. 8 q= percentage of failure=20% or 0. 1 e=tolerance margin of error=5% or 0. 05 Also based on the result of the pilot survey, the researcher assumed a 95 percent degree of confidence and 5 percent margin of error. Thus substituting the above formulae we obtain, n= (1. 98)2 (0. 80) (0. 20) (0. 05)2 = 0. 614656 0. 0025 = 245. 8624= 246 Thus the sample size was 246; however the researcher administered 240 copies of questionnaires to the respondents. 4. 5 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS It should be recalled that this study dealt with ‘’The Impact of Incentives Pay on Employee commitment and performance: A case study of Union Bank Nigeria Plc’’. To ensure that the research work is underst andable, the researcher made the simplified the analysis of data collected. To this end, all data collected were through the administered questionnaires and interview was presented and analysed using tables, charts and simple percentages. . 6 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY A research of this nature cannot be successfully completed without some limitations or constraints. A major limitation to the research was the unfriendly attitude of some of the respondents of Union bank concerning the completion of the questionnaire administered to them. Some of the respondents revealed discreetly to the researcher that supplying any information to an outsider would cause problems for the organisation, not withstanding the efforts made by the researcher in explaining to them that the research was purely for academic purpose. APPENDIX 3 COVER LETTER FOR QUESTIONNAIRE Ugba Vivien Anna C/o Business School University of Hertfordshire Hatfield United Kingdom The impact of incentives Pay on Employee Commitment and Performance Dear Respondents, I am studying for a masters degree in Human Resource Management and Employment Relations and as part of the requirement for the award of the degree, am carrying out a research work on the above topic. I would appreciate if you can some time out of your tight schedule to complete this questionnaire by providing answers to the listed questions. I promise that information provided will be used for research work only and will also be treated in high confidentiality. Thanks for your anticipated cooperation Yours Sincerely Ugba Vivien Anna APPENDIX 4 QUESTIONNAIRE Procedure for completing the questionnaire Please I would like you to complete the questionnaire by providing answers to the questions below. Please tick the most appropriate answer/options to each of the questions using the options given which describe the extent to which you either agree or disagree with the question. Sex Male [ ] Female [ ] Age 20-30 [ ] 31-40 [ ] 41-50 [ ] 51 above [ ] SECTION A: EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT OPINION SURVEY Adapted from Porter and Smith (1970) Organisational commitment Questionnaire S/N Questions Strongly Agree Moderately Agree Undecided Disagree Strongly Disagree 1 I am willing to put in a great deal of effort beyond that normally expected in order to help this organization be successful 2 I talk up this organization to my friends as a great organization to work for 3 I feel very little loyalty to this organization. I would accept almost any type of job assignment in order to keep working for this organization 5 I find that my values and the organization’s values are very similar 6 I am proud to tell others that I am part of this organization 7 I could just as well be working for a different organization as long as the type of work were similar 8 This organization really inspires the very best in me in the way of job performance 9 It would take very little change in m y present circumstances to cause me to leave this organization. 0 I am extremely glad that I chose this organization to work for, over others I was considering at the time I joined 11 There’s not too much to be gained by sticking with this organization indefinitely 12 Often, I find it difficult to agree with this organization’s policies on important matters relating to its employees 13 I really care about the fate of this organization 14 For me this is the best of all possible organizations for which to work. 15 Deciding to work for this organization was a definite mistake on my part